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An anti-discrimination law was published on 28 August 1999. It prohibits discriminatory practices based on race, colour, nationality and ethnic origin. According to the Portuguese Constitution, also discriminatory practices based on sex, race, language, origin territory, religion, political and ideological convictions, instruction level, economical situation, social condition or sexual orientation are prohibited. ==History== The Muslim Moors, mainly Arab and Berber people in origin, Jews and the Christian Mozarabs, were expelled out of the continent, during the Reconquista and the expansion of the newly founded Kingdom of Portugal in the 12th and 13th centuries, after the conquest of the southern lands, including Lisbon, the Alentejo, and the Algarve. Like the other countries of the Mediterranean, Portugal has witnessed a new phenomenon since the 1974 Carnation Revolution and the end of the Portuguese overseas empire: beyond the condition of country of emigration, it became at the same time a country of immigration. There was a very large flow of African immigrants, particularly coming from the former Portuguese colonies in Africa (collectively known as PALOP countries). Immigration to Portugal before 1980 involved different groups (mainly Europeans and South Americans, in particular Brazilian immigrants), and a different socio-economic integration, than the immigrants who came to Portugal after that date. The 1980s also saw racist attacks against immigrants by skinheads and the far-right National Action Movement, a fringe movement.〔(European Monitioring Centre om Racism and Xenophobia report on Portugal )〕 Since the 1990s, along with a boom in construction, several new waves of Brazilians, Romanians, and Moldovans have immigrated to Portugal. A number of British and Spanish people have also immigrated to Portugal, with the British community being mostly composed of retired pensioners and the Spaniards composed of professionals (medical doctors, business managers, businesspersons, nurses, etc.).〔(EMBAIXADA DE PORTUGAL NO BRASIL: Brasileiros são a maior colónia estrangeira em Portugal )〕 Racism is usually related with ethnicity rather than nationality, with black people being the most common target, after Ciganos. The Ciganos were the object of fierce discrimination and persecution.〔Joel Serrão, ''Ciganos'', in Dicionário de História de Portugal, Lisboa, 2006.〕 The number of Ciganos in Portugal is about 40,000 to 50,000 spread all over the country.〔 ()〕 The majority of the Ciganos concentrate themselves in urban centers, where from the late 1990s to the 2000s, major public housing (''bairros sociais'') policies were targeted at them in order to promote social integration.〔 ()〕〔 ()〕 However, this population is still characterised by very low levels of educational qualification, high unemployment, and crime rates. The Ciganos are the ethnic group that the Portuguese most reject and discriminate against, and are also targets for discriminatory practices from the State administration, namely at a local level, finding persistent difficulties in the access to job placement, housing and social services, as well as in the relation to police forces.〔(ECRI (2002), ''Relatório da Comissão Europeia contra o Racismo e a Intolerância - Segundo Relatório sobre Portugal'', Estrasburgo, pp. 23-25. ); ; See also: (European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, Third report on Portugal, 2006. )〕 There are also reports on discrimination of Ciganos by owners of small shops in many parts of the country, including businesses run by other ethnic minorities, such as the Chinese.〔("Shops in Beja use clay frogs to keep gypsies away (in Portuguese)" )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Racism in Portugal」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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